Overall objectives:

1 - Understanding the mathematical description of wave propagation.
2 - Description of mechanical wave propagation in different material media.
3 - Description of propagation of electromagnetic waves.
4 - Description of reflection, refraction, and polarization associated with wave propagation.
5 - Construction of images formed by mirrors and lenses.
6 - Description of interference and diffraction associated with wave propagation.

Syllabus:

1 - Mathematical description of wave propagation: wave equation.
2 - Fourier analysis of wave motion.
3 - Wave equation for some mechanical waves: transverse waves on a string; elastic waves on a solid bar; pressure waves in a gas column; surface waves in a liquid.
4 - Propagation of energy in a wave motion.
5 - Waves in two and three dimensions; spherical waves in a fluid.
6 - Group velocity, Doppler effect, and shock wave.
7 - Electromagnetic waves: reflection, refraction, and polarization.
8 - Wave geometry: images formed by mirrors and lenses.
9 - Interference and diffraction.

Literature/Sources:

M. Alonso and E. J. Finn , 2012 , Física , Escolar Editora
A. P. French , 2003 , Vibrations and Waves , French ,A. P. (2003)CBS Publishers & Distributors
H. J. Pain , 2005 , The Physics of Vibrations and Waves (3rd ed.) , Wiley
Sanichiro Yoshida , 2017 , Waves: Fundamentals and dynamics , Morgan & Claypool Publishers
E. Hecht , 2002 , Óptica (2ª ed.) , Fundação Calouste Gulbenkian

Assesssment methods and criteria:

Classification Type: Quantitativa (0-20)

Evaluation Methodology:
Blackboard will be used in theoretical classes to present the contents. The video projector can be used to display figures, graphs, and tables. In theoretical-practical classes, students will solve problems from the problem sheets prepared by the teacher. In laboratory classes, students will carry out experimental and computational activities guided by protocols prepared by the teacher. Types of laboratory activities: Exercises, Predict-Observe-Explain-Reflect (with laboratory procedure included). Examples of computational projects: superposition of oscillations and Lissajous figures; vibration modes of a membrane. Computational tools to be used: COMSOL Multiphysics. List of laboratory projects: PL1 - Superposition of oscillations and Lissajous figures; PL2 - Standing sound waves in a tube closed at one end: determination of the speed of sound propagation in air; PL3 - Beats; PL4 - Reflection, refraction, polarization and dispersion; PL5 -Geometric optics: determination of focal lengths, microscope, telescope; PL6 - Determination of the refractive index of a prism; PL7 -Determination of the wavelength of a laser; PL8 - Determination of the speed of light (Foucault method); PL9 - Diffraction grating spectroscope; PL10 - Fresnel and Fraunhoffer diffraction. Babinet's principle. In accordance with the Assessment Model B of Regulation No. 821/2022, the assessment will have two components, one theoretical and the other laboratory, in which students will have to obtain at least 9.5 marks each. The theoretical component will consist of two tests, each with a weight of 35% in the final grade. The laboratory component will consist of the evaluation of two reports, one on an experimental activity, with a weight of 15% in the final grade, and the other on a computational activity, with a weight of 15% in the final grade. During the Appeal Period, students can recover 50% of the theoretical component by taking one of the tests (the best grade prevailing), or 100% by completing a test that includes the whole matter.